WEBVTT

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Yes.

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Peter, can you hear me.

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Peter, can you hear me now?

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There here, I can see you now.

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Can you hear me? Yeah, you're on. Can you? I can hear you.

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Welcome to WebEx, enter your access code or meeting number followed by.

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Enter your attendee ID, or the numeric meeting password followed by.

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Peter, can you hear me.

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Peter.

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I can't hear you, I can see the initials on your screen in the.

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Kay, can you hear me on the phone?

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Speaker was turned all the way off. Okay. Can you hear me now? I can now. Yeah. Okay. I'm not sure.

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I'm on the phone now. I'm not sure what happened there anyway. Yeah. Good morning. Get warmed up now. Yeah.

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Well, I mean, obviously, I'm used to using zoom a lot these days, just because, you know, for for lecturing and things like that too. But, you know, WebEx is new to me. So, just, I don't know. I don't know what it is.

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What it is with zoom, but for some reason, every time I log onto it, my my speakers are set to almost zero and I have to go in and manually, adjust them. And I guess here, at the same thing, it was just all twice zero. I did find the right controls.

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Okay, I wonder if I can try back to my Internet audio instead of my phone probably probably.

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So, now, now that I've got my stuff together laughs hey, just kinda freak it out for me. I want to make sure that we could communicate before I do that. Peter. I just wanted to ask it's the simple question.

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Do you do you pronounce your last name furnace or bearnaise or it? Rhymes with furnace? Like, like in your house, you got a furnace that heats your house it rhymes with furnace.

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Okay, but it'd be due to pronounce the H or, you know, depending on. Yeah, you do pronounce to H just ran rhymes with furnace. Okay, my mother, my mother was a kindergarten teacher at some point.

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So, she would tell her class that her name rhymes with furnace, and then they would call her. Mrs. furnish for the rest of the, for the rest of the term. Very good.

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So, how are you doing these days?

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Well, I mean, it's obviously a loaded question, you know, we've been been been doing the shelter in place for a month and a half now. So, I mean, I don't know I, I'm I'm okay.

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It's also it's also on here in the, the University of California, where on the latter system, and so we've go off for merits and promote since every two or three years. And so it's sort of in my cycle right now.

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So, this kind of this, like, frantic push to get to get some of the publications wrapped up and finalized here and so, that always as a little bit of of extra stress to my life once every three years. So, there's going on.

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I've got family at home. Who claimed to be board and I don't know what board looks like, because it was the last time I've ever been board. Right right. It's amazing.

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I mean, it seems like there's more meetings now of course everything is zoom and you get tired a staring at your screen all day.

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But things haven't slowed down.

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Really we,

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we live in the country,

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you know,

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small farm,

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thirty five acres around it so we're pretty well secluded and,

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you know,

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we have a warm house and plenty of food and,

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you know,

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we're okay,

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you know.

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And, like, a lot of other people, and we'll get through it, but it's, I don't know, you know, is a novel thing for a while but this could go on a long time and that's gonna be a different situation. It would be hard.

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Yeah, California, of course, has been has was kind of started this before a lot of the other states did and so California has been doing. Okay, but it's like, you know, now everybody else is trying to open up and it feels like California is still gonna be progressive on this.

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And it's still gonna stayed locked down until everybody else has gone through their boom bust.

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And, I don't know, I'm, I'm really curious to know how this next month is gonna go if we're gonna see these flareups around the country different places.

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Alright, alright. Yeah, I just, you know, when this happened for a few weeks, so, you know, that's okay. It's kind of a novel thing, but.

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The patience of people's, you know, they're not going to do this. This is gonna happen and it's already kinda breaking down. Scary.

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I definitely have more staying power than a lot and I know that on some level. That's a privilege, you know, having a, having a like, what you're describing there too, having a, having a job that I don't really fear that I'm going to lose my job.

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I mean, it's possible that and I don't know, on some level. I'm sure it's likely that some way our salaries are gonna get cut either. We're gonna have to chip more into retirement or salaries. You're gonna get cut or both those kind of dynamics.

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But, you know, having eighty or ninety percent of my job is still better than having no job. Right exactly. Exactly.

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Yeah, so I realized that I live in a in a very different reality than a lot of other people when it comes to job job security, things like that.

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So, I, I try not to I try not to be too whiny about anything. Yeah, we think are lucky stars every night so far so good for us.

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So you're, you're in Wisconsin? Yeah, uterus Wisconsin mass and we, we live outside D*** and but yeah, here been here.

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Yeah, I was there for a, I guess a meeting a year and a half ago in November was in in Madison. I, you know, I haven't been there much. I guess I've been there one or twice once or twice before I grew up in North Dakota.

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I went to school at Luther college and I was so it wasn't too far away. Yeah and I've obviously got college friends from the Madison area, and I just hired a post doc from Madison. Who's just finishing up.

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So really what program she's coming from I don't know if she's coming from ecology so we working on a food web problem here in the, in the, the local California Delta.

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Yeah,

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I don't know how familiar you are,

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how familiar you are with California,

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but there's a sort of like an inland delta in between Sacramento,

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Stockton and San Francisco Bay,

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and it's like the central water hub for all of California.

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So, it's it's very, very important for the economy. Very important for California in general, but.

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You know, that means there's an awful lot of forces on it too and so ecologically it's collapsing.

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So there's there's been a, you know, so we look at it from the carbon site, carbon side and carbon cycling side of it. And, of course, the endangered species act is the big piece of policy that's driving everything there.

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So, there's native fish that are on their way out and probably are gonna be come extinct. No matter what happens just because of the climate change, but, you know, but for right now, that's the big driver.

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And so, so, food web dynamics is one of the aspects that that gets a lot of funding a lot of attention. So we kind of jumped into the carbon side of the lower food web.

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And so that's what she's coming out here to do is kind of a project that bridges the gap between ecology and bios chemistry.

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Oh, okay. Yeah, so I've got to.

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Yeah, so we got to collaborate here. What's up? We started dropping names. We probably know some, some people, you know, maybe.

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So yeah, I, I like Madison. Nice area. How long have you been there?

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Probably thirty two years. Oh, yeah it goes fast. I got the Davis in two thousand, two thousand two and it's, I mean, it's like eighteen years, just like that.

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Yeah, no, I.

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I've I worked for Wisconsin department, natural resources for a number of years and.

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Got this fellow position with the University.

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A lot of people at T and have joint positions at the University.

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So, now I don't, I don't have ID in our position, and I just have this fall position. And I also, what, one? Third research a time with the space science and engineering campus, just driving.

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And Steve just letting you guys know, I'm here and I'll handle questions in the chat.

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Okay, we've had I'm actually gonna try. I'm I'm on the phone. We have a little audio problems so what, third time we're about ready to start. I'm not gonna switch then. Can you.

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Is the clarity of my voice okay. Yes. I can you hear you? Yeah, it seems good. I can hear you too. Peter.

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That's always good to I mean, I do, I do have some ability to turn off my microphone if I need to, but if it's if it's fine, then I'll just leave it alone. Yeah, you're fine.

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I would just say, present in slide presenting slide show right now you're in the full screen yeah I mean, you're not in full screen. So will that work? Yes. Perfect.

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Well, that's a great picture. Nice. Yeah, you get a lot of pretty pictures from space is what? I what I've learned by hanging out with these people.

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Okay, I'm gonna mute, Steve. You may have to be ruthless with meeting people.

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We'll see Peter, we might not start exactly on the I'll get people tend to dribble in here a little bit.

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Probably be a few minutes after. That's okay. It's gives me a chance to wake up a little bit too.

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This is this is virtual jet lag laughs. Can I use that? Sure.

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I'm gonna stop my video to that.

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Distractions here.

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Hello, everyone, we're gonna give everybody have just a couple more minutes and we'll get started here.

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Okay, I think we'll go ahead and get started.

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I hope everyone can hear me good morning. Good afternoon or good evening. The case may be.

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My name is Steve grabbed. I'm the director of the geological watch your water quality.

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I'm gonna ask everyone to please put their phone on mute or their computer on mute.

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Anyway, as I said, I'm the director of a watch community practice and please, I would ask before we get started to make sure you, you're muting your.

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Today, our speaker is Peter.

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He received this masters and pH. D. in clinical Oceanography, Washington in Seattle.

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And did this post doctoral work at the University of South Carolina and Columbia before landing his current position at the University of California Davis in two thousand and two,

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or is now a professor of ideology and chemist.

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Peter uses biomarkers primarily ligand in conjunction with several other bulk measurements.

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To characterized sources processes and states of organic matter in rivers out to the coastal ocean in particular is interested in how the river chemistry maps back to land,

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use landscape sources and processes.

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Constant change, so this is fascinating work and we're excited to hear from Peter today. So at that, with this, I'll turn it over to Peter. Alright. Thank you.

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I've obviously become a lot more familiar uncomfortable with lecturing to a screen that I ever imagine that I would be in this last quarter here as I imagined a lot of other other folks have to hear.

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So, it's a little bit different different format here. Just looking sitting in my office I I don't know if I consciously put a California map here in the backdrop, but it seems to fit pretty well anyway.

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I thank you for the invitation to come and present this work. I'm my talk is really splitting into two different parts here.

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The first part here, I'll be talking about a scoping study that we started back in two thousand and fourteen to design a field campaign for NASA. And this is kind of a ground roots effort. Nasa has put out a call.

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I think, kinda wanted to do something different where the the field campaigns were designed from the bottom up instead of the top down. And so the idea was to put out a call and let scientists put together their ideas for what they think is important to study.

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And if it rises to the top, then NASA will go ahead and fund it. And so Arctic colors is one of those kinds of projects right now, exports is another one of those field campaigns that was started from the, from the ground up.

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Proposed by a group of scientists, and eventually it worked itself into a full blown field campaign and so right now arc. The colors is on that same kind of a track. And so, the first part of this talk is about Arctic colors, sort of the field campaign as we envision it.

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And then the second part of the talk is currently funded project that we have by NASA that we call Pre Arctic colors. And that's the idea that there's, you know, even without going into the full blown Arctic colors field campaign here, there's some work that can be done ahead of time.

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And to try to prepare for that. In particular. One of those things is that the Arctic is changing.

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So rapidly that we need to be out there, getting some sort of benchmarks for the current status, the current state so that we have something to compare to later on when we get into our colors.

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And so that's the second part of the talk is, is getting into a little bit of the research that we've been doing with, that. Nothing's really conclusive on that at this point because we're still in the middle of the project. But also users of the things that we've been coming up with.

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So the Arctic coastal zone is obviously very vulnerable,

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like the rest of the Arctic it's also very complex with lakes streams wetlands from,

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or frost rivers,

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the goons areas of barrio for us what he places estuaries,

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all modified by snow and ice and it's such a complex environment and it's such a hard place to get to that.

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It's very poorly characterized or incompletely characterized. I've never quite sure how to how to say that. I mean, poorly and poorly implies that somebody's up there doing bad work. So, I don't want to imply that it's just that it's hard to get up there and do the kind of work that you're trying to do.

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And so this sort of these pictures, all kind of show some of the different environments that you have to have. And you can imagine that looking at any one of these environments here involves a lot of research, a lot of expertise here too.

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And so no one person is gonna have the expertise to do it all.

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And so Arctic colors is an idea of trying to bring people together who work primarily on ice,

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working with biology chemistry,

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working,

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with oceanographer is working with early cologist,

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marine colleges,

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things like that trying to bring people together here to try to work on all the complexities of this environment.

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And then that's well, I mean, you can imagine that it would be really hard to get good spatial coverage.

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In a region like this,

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and so the idea of of bringing NASA into this is is really on the upscaling part,

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both temporal and spatial where we get,

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we can get data on the ground there,

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but it's really hard to get the coverage that you need for both spatial and temporal region so we want to bring in the NASA piece here,

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the remote sensing piece to try to try to tie it all together.

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And, of course, we've got satellite data that goes back to ninety, ninety seven. C. and so the idea here is that we have the opportunity to do hind casting as well.

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And so Arctic colors is the idea behind Arctic colors is that it will run once it gets started,

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it'll run out to maybe twenty,

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thirty,

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maybe even end of the twenty thirty and so,

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by the end of this field campaign,

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we might have thirty to thirty five years of of remote sensing to be able to kind of really get a handle on what's happening in that coastal zone.

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So, art, the colors aims to quantify the couple a bio geochemical ecological response to the Arctic near source system, the rapidly changing terrestrial fluxes and ice conditions both in the context of short term and long term change.

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So we started with this plan back in two thousand and fourteen when we do develop the science plan in collaboration with the broader community we brought in international collaborate collaborators.

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Obviously, folks who have expertise in areas that we don't we have a project website. The link is listed here all you'll, you'll see that link. I guess it's down here as well. You'll see. At least one more time here.

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If you wanna go, there's a full blown science plan that we put together, and it's been revised a couple of times here.

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That's on that website that you can download to get a lot more information and we've done a lot of meetings town halls, workshops, things like that to try to promote this at the end of the day.

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Our two colors won't go without community support and so I'll start plugging now that if this is something that you want to go with these contact NASA program managers,

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and I'll give you some people to contact at the end here,

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the more the more attention and pressure they get from the scientific community,

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the more likely this is to go right now.

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The idea is that that wants exports is winding down Arctic colors will wind up, but we don't want to take anything for granted. Because, as we know, now, this, this is still needs community support for this.

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Drivers, I think that motivated us to put together.

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This field campaign is is vulnerable biomarkers from space, focusing on this near shore environment.

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I think there's been a lot of field campaigns in the past, but they tend to go on big boats and the big boats heading to the river miles into the coastal zone. And so, one of the things that we were specifically trying to do with this is have a field campaign.

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That's really right at the land ocean interface, getting in close to the near shore. So, it's not something that you can do from big boats alone. You gotta, you gotta do a whole combination of field work field campaign things to be able to get up this near coastal zone.

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So we submitted our we had our workshops. We submitted our drafts. We've gone through the science panel, the science panel I guess the overarching comment was that this represents an important and timely opportunity for NASA, because of the rapidly changing environment.

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Community workshops in two thousand and sixteen revisions in two thousand and seventeen multiple presentations at different conferences town hall meetings, things like that. And and then ultimately the publicly release of this color science plan.

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It's kinda gives you a snapshot of what we're trying to get out in this near coastal environment. And this picture is a little bit unevenly weighted toward the water side of it.

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We are interested in wanting to know what's happening in the delta region, extreme region, sources of terrestrial materials up on the land.

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So, if we were gonna draw this figure here, and sort of read, make it a little bit more in line with what we have envisioned for Arctic collars, you would slide this landscape a little bit more into the middle here. But, you know, there's a lot of action that's going on in the water column that we want to try to catch with these diagrams.

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So,

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we're our,

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our,

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as we haven't scoped out,

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there's really three different thrusts to this,

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the effective land on near shore,

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Arctic biology,

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chemistry,

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the effective ice on,

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near,

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near shore,

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Arctic chemistry,

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and the effects of future change do to both warming land and melting ice on this near short Arctic budget chemistry.

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So the last things that we're looking at, I think are probably pretty intuitive here, looking for changes, or identifying first of all freshwater carbon, nutrient and southern fluxes, the coastal zone.

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But then changes due to climate change, or other drivers here that change the Gregory and ground water inputs. We want to characterize the passage of material through estuaries and gradients.

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And this is sort of a little bit of what we get out with our Pre, Arctic College Research That'll talk about. The second part of this talk coastal erosion is obviously a big topic up in the Arctic and here's an example of a house that's disappearing.

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But there are whole villages that are essentially disappearing into the Arctic Ocean from coastal erosion, falling from across all these things, aside from the human tragedy, or the ecological tragedy involved are dumping materials out into the coal solution.

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So, we're interested in how much, and what these materials are doing.

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And then, of course, the changing fluxes looking at the magnitude of seasonal changes in our annual changes, things like that, there's obviously been some record record warming periods that have been happening up in the Arctic now.

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And, you know, just weird things where you get this big warming in March, and then everything freezes over again in April. That's something that happened in two thousand. Nineteen as we were trying to figure out.

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How do we get ourselves in there to get at the, you know, get to the kind of the height of the spring fresh up for doing our sampling? Well, it's hard to know that when you get record warming and things are changing so much.

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And then looking at the effect of ice on the near shore, bio chemistry, ice obviously changes a lot of flow as the water impacts how quickly things can get started up in the spring time.

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And, you know, there's a lot of impacts on the light that gets into the, into the waters and, you know, so there's different things that we need to be aware of, with the snow on ice. I'm not a snow and ice person.

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I didn't grow up in North Dakota, so I'm familiar with snow and ice, but at least not from a research perspective. That's not my area, which is one of the reasons why we want to bring together lots of people with lots of different expertise to work on these different types.

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So, timing of sea ice formation and retreat duration of the ice cover a no accumulation morphology of the coastal all of these different things, influence the near shore, Arctic, chemical and ecological processes.

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And then the effects of future change as things are starting to warm up.

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And ice is melting, and we want to look at both the seasonal inter, annual time scales as they relate to questions one and two and then ultimately trying to get into some longer term modeling for how we think the Arctic will change into the future.

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So, the ideas that we want to look at large, globally, important rivers, regionally, important rivers, including some smaller tundra rivers, and then coastal, regional bluffs.

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And so,

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this is kind of the idea about what we have for the study region,

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kind of outlined here in pink stretching from the mouth of McKenzie,

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over to the mouth of the Yukon river,

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and then looking at some of the hot spots in between here along the coastal zone,

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where you get some more inputs of materials into the,

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into the lab.

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We've had lots of debate about whether we should be focusing on the McKenzie or whether we should be focusing on the Yukon, or whether we should be splitting our resources between two of them are exactly how we need to put this together.

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And at the end of the day, we've just felt like everything was so important that it wasn't the right time for us to pick. And so, you know, part of how this works is that we put together a scoping study.

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Eventually there will be a science plan science team that has to put together the final science plan that will decide. I guess it's a relative proportion of how some of these things are gonna be studied.

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The idea has to house intensive sampling and process experiments that are happening all along this coastal zone sampling from at least one of these large rivers,

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but also picking out original sites and trying to get some of these rivers that are exclusively draining the tundra.

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You can imagine all the different processes that we're looking at primary production, the various degradation processes, transformations at the multiple scales, looking for complete seasonality by bringing in remote sensing. Although remote sensing is not gonna work.

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So hard in the middle of the, in the middle of the Arctic winter without light. So then we want to have floats and voice and mornings and autonomous vehicles, things like that in there. So that we can kind of get an annual or a complete picture of what's happening.

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Then we also do want to bring in the big boats,

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and those would sort of involve survey studies going along the shelf to look at the inputs of some of the,

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some of the sort of more open ocean drivers that are in effect impacting near shore processes.

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Obviously, those are limited to times when it's an ice free zone, July, August, September October, things like that.

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Bringing in satellites,

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bringing in airplanes,

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doing sampling from helicopters,

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doing sampling from small boats,

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lighters,

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things like that big boats,

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medium size,

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boats,

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things like that in the ideas that the near shore environment has got a lot of different ways that we need to get after it.

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And so we want to bring in all the tools that we have in the tool back to be able to get in there and sample what we need the sample when we need to sample it.

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So, ice caps altering vehicles sleds. Some of the things that we just talked about here are all going to come into play when it's when it's trying to come in comes time to fully implement Arctic colors.

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Potential partners, obviously, there's some links with NSF and know that we can get involved with us. Gs has got all the gauging stations for some of the bigger rivers up there. And then, so we can tie into the US GS.

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We've got collaborators from Canada,

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and there's various projects that are involved in Canada that we're hoping to tie in we were hoping to be able to get better overlap with the NASA program above Arctic Oreo vulnerability experiment that works on the terrestrial side with a little bit better.

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What's the right word for it overlap with some better overlap with the ball. That would've been a beautiful opportunity to be looking at what's happening on the land through, above as materials flow out into the near coastal zone with Arctic.

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But, you know, timing timing didn't happen on that. But that there's still gonna be a lot of valuable information that comes from programs, like, above another one that will be referencing later on here as the Arctic bro, Arctic great rivers observatory.

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Next project here that's been collecting data from the six major rivers flowing into the Arctic over the last couple of decades. Like, it's, it's it's more than fifteen years now that that program or programs similar to that have been in place.

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So so we, we envision trying to link to a lot of other different different programs here, trying to pull together historical data to get and I get a better picture of what's happening up at the Arctic.

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This is sort of a notional timeline of of how things are rolling out here. Right now this is when we started our project, basically, in twenty, twenty fourteen, and we submitted the first science plan in twenty fifteen. Right now this water quality.

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That's the project that's funding. The research that we're currently doing here on our project runs out into twenty, twenty one and there was a couple of different projects that were funded as specifically to do Pre, Arctic colors work. So, that's the one that we'll talk about in the second half of this of this presentation here.

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We're not quite sure yet when our collars is going to roll out twenty, twenty three is probably the earliest that it might roll out, but it could be twenty, twenty four, twenty, twenty five. But this kind of gives you an idea of how it will, how it will work once that happens before we ever get into the field work here.

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There's gonna be a phase one kind of more prework. So we've got some of the Pre work that we're doing. Now, but we're thinking about a prework phase where we're start to build repositories of the data that's already been collected, you know, really trying to pull together.

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All the resources happened up in the Arctic. At this point, that's relevant to Arctic colors and some do some of that synthesis work upfront so that we have a better base to work from for actually designing the rest of the of the project here.

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And so we've got a couple of different field campaigns in mind that run would span four years with basically, two years that are intense be in the field to one year ramp up two years in the field one year of synthesis and doing that in a phase. One phase two idea.

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And then having a couple of years of synthesis activities, phase three that would sort of wind the project down. So we're looking at something that spans about ten years. If you include this phase, one Pre work all the way to the synthesis models. So, it's not again.

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It's not quite clear when this phase one prework will happen and, of course, you know, things like crone virus come along and throw monkey wrenches into anything.

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So, I expressed before a little bit of sadness that we're not going to overlap more with the Arctic, loreal vulnerability experiment. But on the other hand, we've got the that's come online.

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And some of the other things that are coming online that we do have a chance to an opportunity to overlap with. And, of course, pace is still scheduled to launch in twenty, twenty two ish. And that will get some hyper spectral.

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Hyper spectral data that we don't have right now from a remote sensing platform. We can get it from an airborne platform, but we don't have it from the remote sensing.

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So the ability to overlap with page, I think, has the potential to be a lot more powerful with wavelengths that go down to about three, fifty nanometers instead of bottoming out at four hundred and twelve a lot of the satellites that are out there.

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Right now,

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for me doing a biomarker lignin,

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we're,

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of course very interested in those shorter wavelengths lignin sort of maxes out its absorbance in the to eighty nanometer range,

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but it's,

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it's influence stretches out to three fifty.

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So, it correlates very well with with absorbance at three fifty. So this pace satellite here should give us a lot more capacity and capability for doing some of the biomarkers space work that I would like to do.

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So,

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moving forward at this point,

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here,

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there's an implementation plan that needs to happen and an inflammation team to divide,

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devise the science plan that will ultimately define what this final scoping plan will look like,

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or what the final field campaign will look like.

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Some contacts, if you want to get in touch with any of the Arctic colors, it's a list of email here and I'm assuming that the stock is available after this. And so you should be able to come back here and get to somebody's email addresses.

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If you'd like, but more importantly, I think it's that you need to send letters of interest to the program managers. All of them.

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Jack, these are the folks that hold the purse strings and so the more community pressure, the more community interest that they that they receive for our two colors, the more likely this is to go. And I think probably the sooner it's likely to go.

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So, if this is something that you think you would like to be involved in something that you think is important please let these people know.

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Okay, so that's the Arctic colors field campaigns spiel. Now I want to kind of transition over into the Pre Arctic colors project that we're doing right now.

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And so there's a group of four of us working on impacts processes on delivery of Arctic referring materials to the near coastal environment,

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and we're looking at implications for water quality,

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biologic,

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chemical cycling in preparation for for our colors.

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So, we label this sort of Pre, Arctic colors activities. So I'm working with Antonio Robert Spencer and Maria. George, you before I leave, I, I need to give proper recognition to Maria.

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Maria, the one who's really refined the Arctic colors presentation that we've been using at many different conferences and things like that too. So, I want to make sure that she gets proper credit for all the slides that you just saw.

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So this Pre, Arctic colors project, one of the things that we're really interested in here is trying to figure out how we take advantage of some of these data sets that are already in existence.

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And so Arctic grow has got a good history of sampling from some of the major rivers into the Arctic Arctic Ocean. But all this sampling is happening at the head of tides. Before any of it hits any salt at all.

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And so one of the questions that we have more generally is what happens to the river chemistry as you get from the head of tides through estuaries, through deltas out to that, near coastal region.

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Because we can't necessarily just assume that it's a pipe flow from the head of tides out to the coastal zone. We have to consider that the possibility that this the river chemistry is changing.

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And so we need to know something about how the river chemistry is changing from the head of tides, where we have this rich data set out to the coastals on the near shore environment, where we want to do the work for Arctic colors.

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So, that's one of the goals of this of this Pre, Arctic project is to try to look a little bit more closely at the kinds of transformations that happened with river chemistry during transit out to the near coastal zone.

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We are again as I alluded to before we want to and this is another opportunity to get to get a snapshot of current conditions. So that we have some markers out there for measuring future chain.

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And so, if we get up some markers here in twenty, eighteen and twenty, nineteen, when we've been doing the bulk of field work for this particular project here, that kind of gives us a marker and, you know, our two colors the field work on.

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That's gonna be winding down, presumably, in ten to twelve years from now. And so now we have another benchmark that's out there that we can sort of how something that we can compare and tried to get some idea about change.

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Obviously,

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it's hard to measure climate change on a one on a three year project,

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because there's just too much variability really need to get markers you'd really need to get spans of ten years or more before you can start to make any kind of conclusions about whether changes just enter annual variability,

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or whether you've got some climate change going on.

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So, of course, that's one of the attractiveness of having satellites that go back to ninety ninety seven, is that we have an opportunity to try to get a thirty year map of of what's happening in terms of the Arctic change.

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And I guess that's sort of lose to number three that we're a part of this project just to start to do some of that work of fine casting by getting out in the Arctic environment by being able to ground through these algorithms with the work that we've been doing so far out in the Yukon

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Delta region,

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the Norton sound region here.

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We have the ability to start looking at some of this satellite data back to ninety, ninety seven looking at behind casting and starting to get that underway.

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The projects is still in the works,

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so we don't have any stories that are any complete,

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any data sets yet that are incomplete,

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but I can give you some might some pictures of what it is that we've been up to some little snapshots of the experiments and data that we've been collecting,

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so obviously the first thing that I alluded to here,

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Arctic grow is a sort of a spin off from the partners project that's started in two thousand three.

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So almost sixteen, seventeen years of data now, looking at flow, looking at chemical constituents. Coming out of the six big rivers around the Arctic and so obviously, for us, the kinda McKenzie data are very important.

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So that the reason that we've looked at, and so what we're trying to do is to tie this data in from market grow into that, near cost zone. And we're doing that through the, some of some of the research activities that we've got going for this Pre. Arctic college project.

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And then, the leveraging from satellite, Here's a list of the different satellites that went up in the up in space that are relevant to the kind of work that we wanna do with Arctic colors. And Here's one from that goes back to nineteen ninety seven the motive satellites are obviously very important as well.

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And as you just pointing out here, looking at the, you know, the nanometer spectral bands here, a lot of them are bottomed out at four, twelve, the four, ten or four hundred.

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But that's from twenty fifteen, three eighty from, from twenty sixteen.

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And then, of course pace here where it's got this whole band here from three fifty on up two hundred up to eight hundred, and so that's really gonna expand the capacity of what we can do from, with remote sensing when we're not limited to just these fixed wavelengths.

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So another important opportunity here to build and groundtruth algorithms that can take advantage of this ocean color data.

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So this is a snapshot of how this is hot off the press from this week. Blake Clark put together a couple of of remote sensing videos, looking at the study region that we've been working with.

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So this is Norton sound color from space. This is from June, two thousand nineteen last we have various sampling activities that were happening in late May and woman may and June of two thousand and nineteen.

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So this shows you an idea about the ocean color, Yukon river mouth, and here's snippets of the Yukon river coming flowing through the delta region and out onto the coastal zone. So, this is the sort of the Yukon Delta region right here.

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This is the Yukon river South mouth, which is the main channel domain that you've grown Rupert dumps out into the coastal zone. Blake tells me that this is a primarily an indicator.

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At least the red is primarily an indicator of segments in the water column here too. So, you got all this water that's jumping out here, but there seems to be higher concentration of sentiment on the North mouth area, looking across, over to Nome.

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Rightness and bright, and Blake tells me that this is total reflections all wavelengths.

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And so I think anywhere where you see this brightness, you start to see some of the impact of the Yukon river on the coastal zone beyond just the settlements here.

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And you can see that stretches all the way out into the middle of Norton sound here the impact of the Yukon river as it exports.

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And then looking at some modeled salinity, that's also kind of shows you what the dynamics look as, you know, obviously you see the biggest bloom coming out here from the South mouth and it extends well out into the very straight.

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But there's also still a lot of water and a lot of impact here, all along the middle and the North mouth region on the delta. So this would be the middle mouth here. This would be the North mouth here.

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This kind of gives you oops, let's see if I can. Oh, well, I can go forward and backward. This gives you an idea about the research activities that we've had going on out here.

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We've had three different field campaigns out to the delta itself in August of two thousand and eighteen, and may of two thousand nineteen and then in June of two thousand, nineteen collecting samples on the delta proper.

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Another field campaign that left out of Nome Alaska, and did a transact across North and sound and back and then ships of opportunity that folks from NASA have been able to tap into as well to try to get some, some data from this region.

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And then, Here's pilot station, this is where Arctic grow gets their data and pilot station is about a hundred and twenty miles until you get out to the South here.

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So that shows you a little bit of the of the potential for transformation to happen. We can't just assume that this is pipe flow over the course of that. A hundred, twenty miles out to the South mile or maybe even more than a hundred and twenty miles out to the North mile through the middle miles here, too.

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There's a lot of opportunities for change and transformation that can happen and we're trying to capture that.

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We were working on the delta work. We're working out of the village of lacuna. It's a native Alaskan village.

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This is their tribal council building that we, I don't know, our our, I guess our primary collaborator was working out of this building here for the, as part of the iGAP program. I guess. So.

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We spent a fair amount of time, hanging out at the iGAP building that the council or the tribal council building while we were there in a locked up a look at some of the local coastal erosion.

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Most of all the work that we were doing was out of these small river boats that's sunny in the background was our, our driver for on the first one of our drivers on the first trip that we had out here.

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Mike Novak, you'll see some data from Mike and Kellerman. You'll see some data from an out there as well. So, this was the first trip out there.

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Course, we have to show some moose again. Augusta was our primary contact there. I mean, she's been great to work with too. And sunny was the boat driver that we have on the first trip that we were out there.

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Some look at the varying varying landscapes that we're looking at tundra and these pictures, for example, you know, we don't get a lot of tundra down here in California.

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So it's kind of an interesting experiment experience to walk out into the tundra and how spongy it is. And, I mean, it's, it's the softest bed you've ever had, you wanna just sort of lay down and go to sleep. It's a pretty, pretty nice area.

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But, you know, obviously, there's a lot of idea chemistry and a lot of potential for organic carbon sources coming off. The tundra into the, the delta channel, and then there's also other areas that are surrounded by Woody plant tissue, older things like that.

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Again, a different kind of organic matter that can can potentially be over printing the Yukon river chemistry signature.

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Fly over, on our way into the delta region, obviously there's a lot of lakes and meanders and things like that. I mean, it's a geo chemical hotspots all these different inputs here with Hydro logic.

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Connectivity can put into the, the Yukon river as it passes through. The Delta, and then, you know, it's also a very big river too and so you get out to the mouth there and you feel like you're, you're, you're a little bit exposed as you get out to the mouth.

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And in some cases, we were very exposed. We were up to forty miles off the coast and East River boats.

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Trying to, we had to pick and choose our days when we went there but, you know, trying to get a salinity radiant and kinda get a more comprehensive picture of what happens Yukon river chemistry as it gets it starts to mix with salt water and get out into the courses.

319
00:56:45.295 --> 00:56:48.625
So this shows you a Hyder graph from the time that we were out there,

320
00:56:48.625 --> 00:56:53.364
two thousand eighteen and sort of this light blue that's two thousand nineteen in the,

321
00:56:53.394 --> 00:56:55.614
in the darker color,

322
00:56:55.614 --> 00:56:56.485
the darker gray,

323
00:56:57.114 --> 00:57:00.864
our first trip out to a lock it up was in two thousand eighteen,

324
00:57:00.864 --> 00:57:03.864
and we sort of captured this late summer,

325
00:57:04.885 --> 00:57:07.525
kinda summer baseline flow condition for two thousand.

326
00:57:07.525 --> 00:57:17.425
Eighteen, we're back up there and spring of two thousand nineteen, and we just got just a little bit before the lead, you know, kind of on the leading edge of the spring fresh up.

327
00:57:18.329 --> 00:57:31.375
Back up here, just on the backside of the spring, fresh yet, and then one more time here and as the spring fresher is declining into it summer baseline flow. So we've been able to capture a range of conditions.

328
00:57:31.375 --> 00:57:33.985
Obviously, we didn't get out there in the middle of the winter to look at.

329
00:57:33.985 --> 00:57:40.195
What's we were able to capture a range of discharges arrange conditions snow,

330
00:57:40.195 --> 00:57:41.695
melt so,

331
00:57:42.144 --> 00:57:44.664
or run off driven primarily by snow mail,

332
00:57:44.905 --> 00:57:46.045
runoff driven,

333
00:57:46.045 --> 00:57:49.405
primarily by precipitation and capturing different types of chemistry.

334
00:57:52.344 --> 00:57:55.824
So, looking at, it sort of from a more top down perspective.

335
00:57:55.824 --> 00:58:08.244
This is data from Mike and Antonio, and it kinda shows you just a rough picture of UV visible absorbance and how much it changes over the course of those three cycles.

336
00:58:08.244 --> 00:58:15.864
And so, if you look at the lower left here on the Yukon South mouse is see Tom plotted from two fifty to seven hundred nanometers. Here.

337
00:58:17.184 --> 00:58:30.625
The spring fresh is in red relaxation toward summer base flow. Here is in green and our. What do you call it?

338
00:58:31.045 --> 00:58:42.114
The sort of the summer baseball, or the summer baseline here is in blue so I want to see if I can go backward. Yeah. So just as an example here, I mean, you can look at the cross here.

339
00:58:42.510 --> 00:58:54.985
The discharge in August of twenty eighteen is pretty similar to the discharge and in the, during our second trip to Iraq, not here and twenty nineteen.

340
00:58:54.985 --> 00:59:08.965
So the discharge is similar, but this is coming off the relaxation of the spring fresh. This is after a lots of years are sort of minis, several months of, of, of drainage and precipitation driven. So similar discharge.

341
00:59:11.815 --> 00:59:26.364
But not so similar, optical characteristics and so we can't just rely on discharge alone as a predictor, or what's happening out there. We need to have the seasonality and be able to capture the seasonality to be real able to really look at the, the chemistry.

342
00:59:26.364 --> 00:59:35.304
And so you can hear see, here, the DLC during that spring fresh that are coming off the spring fresh, it was around six point four.

343
00:59:36.119 --> 00:59:46.255
Whereas when we coming to it later on in the summer and said, about three point five, so there's different things going on different times of year, and we really need to be able to capture all of that seasonality.

344
00:59:46.255 --> 00:59:53.275
And so the UV visible Absorbance is a great way of being able to look at, at least a first pass a first pass of what that looks like.

345
00:59:55.800 --> 01:00:06.835
Of course, one of the goals here is to be able to relate satellite data. So looking at at four hundred and twelve nanometers. Okay.

346
01:00:07.195 --> 01:00:19.074
And this is sort of scale to per meter, but being able to relate that to the dissolved organic carbon. And so this is a look at what the algorithm is like, over, over the course of all the data that we've collected during those field campaigns.

347
01:00:21.085 --> 01:00:27.894
Right hand here it shows you what the, what the relationship is during the different types of sampling trips that we took out here.

348
01:00:27.894 --> 01:00:28.074
So,

349
01:00:28.074 --> 01:00:28.434
again,

350
01:00:28.735 --> 01:00:29.125
the whole,

351
01:00:29.155 --> 01:00:29.934
the goal here is,

352
01:00:29.934 --> 01:00:33.414
is we're trying to build these algorithms that allows us to do the to,

353
01:00:33.445 --> 01:00:45.804
to tap into the remote sensing data set ground truth with what we're finding here on on these different field expeditions and then it shows another thing.

354
01:00:45.804 --> 01:00:56.605
So the on the other Y, axis here is a carbon normalized perspective. So this is this is carbon specific Absorbance at four hundred, twelve nanometers.

355
01:00:56.605 --> 01:01:04.795
And I guess the, the main point that I want to make here is that this red line here shows you a power fit from the mid Atlantic, white.

356
01:01:05.639 --> 01:01:14.574
Sort of superimposed over the top of what we've got with our Arctic color data. So the BlackLine here shows you the best fit for this particular data that we have right here. Now.

357
01:01:14.875 --> 01:01:27.594
And the main point that I just want to make here is that we can't take the power from the mid Atlantic bike, for example, and assume that it works or that Yukon Delta the Norton sound bearing Sea region here that you really have to go there.

358
01:01:27.864 --> 01:01:39.804
You have to get you have to really ground truth it get the data on the ground in order to be able to get accurate representations of the chemistry when we start to tie into them to the remote sensing data here. So that's the main point.

359
01:01:39.804 --> 01:01:52.224
Here is just to show that every region is unique, and you need to get on the ground and you need to collect that data in order to customize the algorithms that you're using when you're trying to use use the remote sensing data.

360
01:01:54.059 --> 01:02:05.905
So, again, I'm looking for the transformations of the river as it goes through the delta into the coastal zone here. Yes, we have been doing degradation experiments. And this is just one that shows you a little bit of how it looks.

361
01:02:09.264 --> 01:02:18.985
Not too shocking that photo bleaching experiments here that you lose more than seventy percent of your, your seat on three hundred nanometers of the course of twenty five days.

362
01:02:19.644 --> 01:02:31.675
And, of course, there's then the corresponding increase in the, the spectral slope from two, seventy five to ninety five nanometers spectral slope higher specter slope seems to indicate more low molecular weight.

363
01:02:32.275 --> 01:02:44.125
And so, of course, the pretty common interpretation here is that, as you are breaking compounds down through photo degradation here, you're taking high molecular weight view, and breaking it down into low molecular wait.

364
01:02:44.695 --> 01:02:58.045
And so this spectral slope parameter here is supposed to capture that breakdown of high molecular weight materials into low molecular weight materials. So, Brice tells me that this, these two particular plots, you're kind of look like all the rest of the data.

365
01:02:58.045 --> 01:03:00.085
But, of course, there's a lot more work up that has to come.

366
01:03:01.914 --> 01:03:16.135
And then looking at microbial degradation, the blue data here on the left is without any nutrient additions, the red data here on the right is with, or the magenta here. It is with nutrient additions.

367
01:03:16.135 --> 01:03:28.434
And as you get from the dark or more intense colors down to the more in light colors, that shows you, the progression of the micro microbial degradation across the, I guess two fifty four, fifty nanometers here.

368
01:03:28.735 --> 01:03:40.974
And this is the change in the Absorbance from the darker colors, which is time zero to the lighter colors here, which I'm, I think this is out to two weeks.

369
01:03:40.974 --> 01:03:44.635
And I'm I'm kinda I'm a little bit fuzzy on the details of what Blake told me.

370
01:03:44.635 --> 01:03:58.974
He worked on here too, but the gist of this is that microbial degradation does seem to be nutrient limited so you add in some nutrients to the system here, and you start to change and you get more extensive microbial degredation by adding a nutrients.

371
01:03:58.974 --> 01:04:08.844
And so this has got some interesting ramifications in terms of thinking about change the Arctic answer for genic activity tends to increase the nutrient run off into rivers.

372
01:04:09.960 --> 01:04:17.545
Pathogenic activity also tends to increase the run off into rivers and so, you know, you kinda wonder which one of those two might went out.

373
01:04:17.545 --> 01:04:26.784
You might be putting more into Arctic rivers with with as with more anthropological activity and energetic influence.

374
01:04:26.784 --> 01:04:41.275
And there is some evidence to suggest that concentrations have gone up by about ten percent in these rivers. But if it's also bringing with it more nutrients, it's possible that the two are somehow canceling each other out, at least in terms of bulk.

375
01:04:41.844 --> 01:04:54.655
But you can imagine that there will be a windowing effect there, too, where this microbial degredation is selective and so you still might end up with a net increase of certain types of out to the coastal zone.

376
01:04:54.655 --> 01:04:59.454
And so we don't know what kind of impact that might have in the future on the near shore biochemistry.

377
01:05:00.534 --> 01:05:06.864
So this is just another angle that that needs to be needs to be considered when we're thinking about what Arctic colors might look like,

378
01:05:06.864 --> 01:05:07.494
in the future,

379
01:05:08.429 --> 01:05:18.085
some pigment data collected by Antonio on his shop and each host to use very descriptive numbers.

380
01:05:18.085 --> 01:05:24.864
So this is just sample stations on the bottom axis here. Everything here is normalized to chlorophyll a.

381
01:05:26.425 --> 01:05:33.144
I don't know the significance of all these things. This is not something that Antonio and I have spent a lot of time talking about.

382
01:05:33.144 --> 01:05:42.085
And so, I guess the main thing that I just wanna pull from this graft here is to show you that the coastal samples are samples four through eight and you can see that.

383
01:05:42.085 --> 01:05:55.585
There are some different pigments, different ecology that's happening in the coastal zone than there is in the river system itself, the delta proper. And I'm gonna have to leave that one up to Antonio and others to figure out how to interpret what this actually means.

384
01:05:55.585 --> 01:06:08.695
And what the difference between why is there more total chlorophyll see out in the coastal zone than there is in the river itself? I don't know the answer to that. And, of course, this navy blue thing seems to be very prominent in the, in the delta as well.

385
01:06:08.695 --> 01:06:14.065
So, this is from August, another shot of this during the, during the Russia.

386
01:06:17.155 --> 01:06:27.684
This time the coastal salty samples here are on stations one through five and again, you can see a little bit of a difference, but it's not so pronounced. So, it's not so pronounced.

387
01:06:28.014 --> 01:06:36.204
And I think part of the part of the reason for that is just because you've got such a high volume of water coming out of Yukon. That it's sort of overwhelming what's happening.

388
01:06:36.204 --> 01:06:48.775
And then in the near coastal environment, and we did get out to salinity sixteen as high as sixteen when we did these is the sampling here. So, it's not like we're sitting in that zero to five region.

389
01:06:48.804 --> 01:07:02.215
You know, where, where it really would be overwhelmed by the Yukon. So we do have some samples that are out the sixteen. I don't remember if those are three, four or five, but somewhere one of these stations here is out at sixteen, this station here. Is that lower? Salinity too?

390
01:07:02.215 --> 01:07:16.164
So, I mean, there seems to be some dynamic. I think where where the salt water fresh water first starts to get some significant fault and that's not a typical that you've got a lot of action that's happening at that that sort of chemical interface.

391
01:07:16.164 --> 01:07:18.565
And I guess the pigments seemed to be picking up on that. A little bit.

392
01:07:20.005 --> 01:07:29.304
And then the, the, I guess the, the project that I have in mind, and I'll sort of finish off with that is just looking for this concept of over printing.

393
01:07:30.864 --> 01:07:39.474
And looking, at the extent to which the delta can over print the Yukon river signature. So, of course, we've got lakes, we've got woody vegetation.

394
01:07:39.474 --> 01:07:54.204
We've got tundra, we've got meanders all these different things that are have the potential for bringing dissolved organic, carbon off the delta landscape, into the Yukon river. And it's this is sort of the big question. I mean, the Yukon river obviously is a big river with lots of flow.

395
01:07:54.505 --> 01:07:59.454
Is there enough carbon coming off the landscape that you can actually move the needle on?

396
01:07:59.545 --> 01:08:14.184
You can revert during that hundred and twenty miles that it transports from pilot station down to the south into the other miles and you'll Delta run off if you do the calculations and precipitation minus about transportation normalize to the

397
01:08:14.184 --> 01:08:21.864
land area of the delta looks to be on the order of ten percent of the annual referring Yukon river discharge and so just in terms of a water flux there,

398
01:08:22.194 --> 01:08:22.494
you know,

399
01:08:22.494 --> 01:08:27.805
depending on the time of year when this water is coming off the delta into the Yukon river,

400
01:08:27.805 --> 01:08:30.295
there seems to be some potential to be able to over printed.

401
01:08:32.340 --> 01:08:37.914
So, again, there's a little bit of closer shot of the of the sampling that we did within the delta proper again.

402
01:08:37.914 --> 01:08:48.835
Here's pilot station hundred and twenty five hundred and twenty miles to the South miles, which is the main channel it splits here runs off to the North mouth runs off the middle mouth.

403
01:08:49.104 --> 01:09:02.784
And then there's a couple of smaller channels here that we also sampled that you Monica mouse and the mouse. And so, as a first order, what we can do is just to look at the chemistry out the four or five different models that we sample if it's different.

404
01:09:03.385 --> 01:09:12.234
Then you can say that the delta is how many of them having an impact and changing chemistry and granted, there's a lot less discharge coming out of the North mouth and the South mouth.

405
01:09:12.564 --> 01:09:25.645
But at least you start to, you know, we didn't go out there to specifically designed to look at this this idea here. But this is trying to us trying to take advantage of the data that we did collect to get an idea about the processing that's happened.

406
01:09:26.965 --> 01:09:27.234
So,

407
01:09:27.234 --> 01:09:30.444
if you look at the South miles as a proxy for the main discharge,

408
01:09:30.444 --> 01:09:33.354
and the main stem here on the compare it to the North mouth,

409
01:09:33.354 --> 01:09:34.975
mid mouth mouth,

410
01:09:35.215 --> 01:09:36.925
Monica mouth during the spring,

411
01:09:36.925 --> 01:09:37.524
fresh yet,

412
01:09:38.784 --> 01:09:43.914
in terms of and soup and looking at some of the was some of these other mouth,

413
01:09:43.975 --> 01:09:46.675
and a lot of cases here there doesn't look like there's a lot of change,

414
01:09:47.305 --> 01:09:48.534
but at the North pass,

415
01:09:49.555 --> 01:09:49.885
you know,

416
01:09:49.914 --> 01:09:58.524
we're starting to get into that region where we can start to say that the is significantly smaller and which would be indicate indicative of some kinds of degradation processes,

417
01:09:58.765 --> 01:10:04.734
or removal processes that's happening during transit to the North Super looks to be a little bit higher.

418
01:10:04.824 --> 01:10:16.345
And again, at the mile same thing, where the Super seems to be higher, that's an indication of more more inputs from terrestrial Woody materials, things like that.

419
01:10:16.345 --> 01:10:23.814
So, again, doesn't this is this doesn't necessarily say that over printing is happening, but it kind of gives you an idea that the potential is there.

420
01:10:26.484 --> 01:10:36.654
Looking at that post fresh relaxation as we're coming off the fresh out into the into the the June kind of there's summer baseline flow here again,

421
01:10:36.654 --> 01:10:38.664
looking at the main stem South mouth,

422
01:10:40.944 --> 01:10:44.965
compared to the North mouse mouse mouse mouth.

423
01:10:45.265 --> 01:10:55.314
Not a lot of difference here in terms of and suba, but for some of the preliminary ligand data that we do have for this time period here, it looks like there's a lot of elevation that's happening.

424
01:10:55.314 --> 01:11:10.135
So even though you don't see it in the even though you don't see it in the Super two, fifty four, we start getting into these biomarkers here. And so we see some, some potential differences potential for over printing that's happening in terms of the oppositional signature.

425
01:11:10.494 --> 01:11:20.305
The ligament itself doesn't look a whole lot different least based on ratios. So now the vanilla ratios with the concentration looks like there might be something going on.

426
01:11:21.324 --> 01:11:30.114
Relatively speaking, and of course, we've got some potential in Delta sources, lakes with higher lakes streams, higher suba.

427
01:11:30.414 --> 01:11:37.314
That kinda gives you an idea about what the potential is there for some of these sources of you'll see and water on the delta for over printing.

428
01:11:38.574 --> 01:11:52.375
And then, if we go back to the summer base flow, again, here, looking at the main stem, and the one that stands out here, the most during the summer is just the potential for bulk over printing. Malthus elevated.

429
01:11:52.375 --> 01:12:06.895
The mouth is elevated relative the South mouth on the main stem and then you start to look at the, at some of these in Delta sources that we looked at three different lakes, and the stream was ranging from eleven point eight up to forty eight.

430
01:12:07.494 --> 01:12:20.005
She was ranging from three and a half of the five, and you can imagine that it doesn't start. It doesn't take a whole lot of water coming out of streams. If a, at forty eight is at five to start impacting the chemistry of the river itself.

431
01:12:22.465 --> 01:12:22.885
And then,

432
01:12:22.885 --> 01:12:23.215
I guess,

433
01:12:23.215 --> 01:12:32.454
one more example here of looking at mixing lines across the salinity gradient and red subha with these,

434
01:12:32.604 --> 01:12:40.225
these hash marks here and the mixing lines that I drawn primarily here are from the South mouse out to the highest salinity.

435
01:12:40.404 --> 01:12:54.475
I put in a an extra mixing line here that looks at the higher. Do you see mouse during the summer baseline here? But the main stem the South mouth is this lower mixing line.

436
01:12:54.774 --> 01:12:57.024
So you don't see a lot of evidence for.

437
01:12:58.284 --> 01:12:58.555
I mean,

438
01:12:58.555 --> 01:13:00.774
a little bit of evidence for removal here,

439
01:13:00.835 --> 01:13:01.375
in terms of,

440
01:13:01.854 --> 01:13:03.024
during the summer baseline,

441
01:13:03.354 --> 01:13:04.524
when you look at Super fifty,

442
01:13:04.675 --> 01:13:04.885
two,

443
01:13:04.885 --> 01:13:05.154
fifty,

444
01:13:05.154 --> 01:13:05.635
four,

445
01:13:06.114 --> 01:13:06.984
the mixing line,

446
01:13:06.984 --> 01:13:08.034
compared to the data there,

447
01:13:08.034 --> 01:13:08.364
you see,

448
01:13:08.364 --> 01:13:15.654
a lot of evidence removal and that would be consistent with summer intense density of the sun for oxidation,

449
01:13:15.654 --> 01:13:20.034
removing aromatic compounds higher temperatures,

450
01:13:20.034 --> 01:13:21.744
spinning up microbial degradation,

451
01:13:21.744 --> 01:13:22.345
things like that.

452
01:13:22.345 --> 01:13:36.595
It would make sense that you'd expect to get a little bit of degredation happening in the summer, looking at the spring fresh yet. Maybe not so much opportunity there for degredation in part, just because the water is moving faster.

453
01:13:36.595 --> 01:13:46.404
There's less time for for these processes to happen. So, looking at, in maybe some evidence for removal here in these, these middle entities.

454
01:13:48.234 --> 01:14:00.414
But flipped here and now, if anything, it looks like there's higher aromatic city, coming into the river water assets, mixing out into the pool. So, in summary, then just it's kind of a teaser of the data that we have.

455
01:14:01.164 --> 01:14:05.814
It looks that this degredation and over printing of within the delta is real,

456
01:14:06.414 --> 01:14:15.774
but it seems to be certain times and certain places and that's something that we're gonna have to look at more and and characterize more now that we know that there's that there's the potential for it,

457
01:14:16.404 --> 01:14:20.935
there's the potential to put out a a study that does a better job of of looking at it.

458
01:14:21.414 --> 01:14:27.625
I'm trying to characterize it specifically geared toward looking at those those kinds of processes still to come.

459
01:14:28.854 --> 01:14:36.444
We have arranged with our local and we have the Arctic roads still been collecting data here to.

460
01:14:36.444 --> 01:14:48.864
And so we've been trying to get a coordinated sampling from pilot station and the South mountain there locked up with a lag time about a week that accounts for the hundred and twenty river miles between the two.

461
01:14:48.864 --> 01:14:53.904
And the idea is that instead of just trying to speculate on the transformations that are happening,

462
01:14:53.904 --> 01:14:59.515
we wanna try to measure it more directly by collecting a sample of pilot station a week later,

463
01:14:59.515 --> 01:15:00.984
collecting a sample,

464
01:15:02.579 --> 01:15:03.654
the soft mouse near a,

465
01:15:04.104 --> 01:15:05.604
and just comparing the two directly.

466
01:15:05.970 --> 01:15:13.194
So that we can see directly whether these transformations that were speculating or happening are ongoing. And so we've got this that that's that's.

467
01:15:13.529 --> 01:15:28.404
Happening about every other month we're trying to collect these paired samples to be able to look at that transformation. Obviously a lot more work to do on malignant analysis. A lot more work to do on analysis that's happening out of Florida state with Rob Spencer. And Kellerman.

468
01:15:29.574 --> 01:15:39.505
Salinity mixing experiments, you know, we don't have the ability to go out there anytime we want to and get across the salinity gradient.

469
01:15:39.505 --> 01:15:48.234
And so we've been working in our lab to try to take water from the head of tides, doing simulated experiments within the lab to see how the water chemistry is changing.

470
01:15:49.555 --> 01:16:01.015
Data that I didn't show you at all from the North Shore on the samples. Last summer. There was a couple of different research activities, getting out to the working with Jim McClellan to to collect data.

471
01:16:01.015 --> 01:16:14.215
I didn't show any of that today, because frankly, I couldn't interpret what they had. Yeah, it's not my, not my data. I don't wanna sit here and babble about things that I don't know. So I chose to not show that data for this particular topic.

472
01:16:14.814 --> 01:16:29.484
We've got some McKenzie river samples, so they're coming in from these are architect growth data, and that we want to run through these solidity, mixing experiments as well obviously full development refinement, or the remote sensing algorithms, leading to the hind casting and that's all stuff.

473
01:16:29.484 --> 01:16:30.265
That's still to come.

474
01:16:31.435 --> 01:16:44.875
And so, then, finally, I just wanna, thank you again for the opportunity to give this talk the poster that was sent to me from the, the cleanup crew, as you can imagine there's a lot of trash that comes down the river in the spring time.

475
01:16:44.875 --> 01:16:58.795
And so, the locked up iGAP program, there sends our motto of kids out to the river to pick up all the trash every year. And so they send a nice little. Thank you.

476
01:16:58.795 --> 01:17:08.875
Poster to me here for contributing to those efforts. So I'll say, thank you to everybody who's been listening paying attention. I guess that's it.

477
01:17:16.074 --> 01:17:29.965
Terrific Thank you very much Peter. We do have a couple questions already in the chat. One is from I apologize for mispronouncing your name.

478
01:17:30.744 --> 01:17:42.295
tealking Yang says Thank you Peter for the presentation. A lot of interesting work. What is the instrument method used for pressure? Pigment measured.

479
01:17:45.145 --> 01:17:55.435
I mean, it's all done by hplc so I don't know if that's a specific so what you were looking for, but it's, it's sort of just the classic extraction and then analysis by hplc.

480
01:17:58.255 --> 01:18:06.625
Great does anybody else have any questions you want to? They say, thanks. That was the answer to their question.

481
01:18:07.045 --> 01:18:16.074
If you have a question, you can unmute yourself and ask Peter directly, or you can type it in the chat. If you're tampered with audio.

482
01:18:22.345 --> 01:18:34.854
Any questions, spin my experience with the zoom stuff. I mean, certainly giving lectures and things like that. I get a lot less questions.

483
01:18:34.885 --> 01:18:36.145
Lots of your questions from,

484
01:18:36.234 --> 01:18:38.454
from from students that I've been teaching,

485
01:18:38.454 --> 01:18:45.444
it's I have to say that I really missed the interactions with with the face to face interaction with people during this,

486
01:18:45.444 --> 01:18:46.675
during this lockdown thing,

487
01:18:46.675 --> 01:18:51.534
it's makes giving talks a lot more enjoyable when you've kind of got that immediate,

488
01:18:51.864 --> 01:18:54.685
immediate body language feedback questions.

489
01:18:56.545 --> 01:18:58.135
Right. Peter, this is Steve.

490
01:19:01.104 --> 01:19:11.335
Quick question a couple quick questions Thank you. So much for the talk this is this is fascinating stuff. I just see all kinds of possibilities.

491
01:19:11.335 --> 01:19:21.505
There are other research questions in this and exciting, exciting material and I mentioned to follow this project into the future.

492
01:19:22.734 --> 01:19:28.645
One simple question was, what are the sizes of these rivers? I'm not even sure.

493
01:19:28.645 --> 01:19:40.914
I mean, is the McKenzie and Yukon is are we talking Mississippi River size or does it have a larger fluctuations then save rivers in the lower forty eight?

494
01:19:40.914 --> 01:19:48.505
I know there was one one slide which had somewhat of a Hydro graph on it catch those numbers.

495
01:19:49.015 --> 01:20:03.564
Yeah, I and I, unfortunately, I don't do a very good job of translating back and forth between cubic meters, per, second and cubic feet per second. You can't remember dumps them off a lot of water in there. And, I don't know if it's on the same scale as the McKenzie.

496
01:20:03.564 --> 01:20:18.534
I'd have to do a quick Wikipedia search here to see are sorry the same scales and Mississippi River. But I think it's I think it's getting close. Yeah, yeah. I, I think so. And does the, the project moving forward?

497
01:20:18.925 --> 01:20:28.585
It seems like you talked to early on about to say Yukon and the McKenzie. But is this in the context of all the rivers to the Arctic Emmanuel there? At some point?

498
01:20:29.664 --> 01:20:40.015
I know you talked about previous work at, you know, centered on all the inputs. Will your work just center on the North American.

499
01:20:41.305 --> 01:20:52.585
Let's say input I think well, I think at this point, that's that's the focus. That's where NASA I think, is sort of. Well, I mean, I guess there's two parts to that.

500
01:20:53.125 --> 01:21:05.604
One is just that, you know, if you start to imagine how what is what this would look when you start to imagine the range of activities in the amount of money and just the logistics of getting the Arctic.

501
01:21:05.935 --> 01:21:15.204
I mean, just even proposing what we, what we want for the Yukon and the McKenzie. I think, when we put together our our budget, we were looking at something like eighty million dollars.

502
01:21:16.015 --> 01:21:23.725
I mean, you know, the likelihood that we get eighty million dollars from NASA to do what it is that we were proposing to do, doesn't seem very likely.

503
01:21:23.725 --> 01:21:32.515
And so, you know, there's, there's likely to be some descoping that happens with the implementation plan to try to get that down to a price tag where they're more willing to do that.

504
01:21:32.515 --> 01:21:44.064
And so, when you start thinking about just that being able to stretch funding and being able to fund something that goes across, the entire Arctic would be just too much. It would be too much for NASA to be able to take on.

505
01:21:44.574 --> 01:21:53.154
And obviously there would be a logistical piece of that too. That would be really challenging to do. So, I, I guess what we're hoping for is that.

506
01:21:54.899 --> 01:22:07.614
It's collaborations, you know, where we've had a lot of discussions with folks up in Canada, trying to, you know, and the possibility of trying to extend farther east from the McKenzie river along the Canadian border.

507
01:22:07.614 --> 01:22:20.635
And so if if we can get those kinds of connections and collaborations with Canada, Canada, we at least have the ability to work without. And so, I guess that would be the same goal I think, for trying to incorporate some of the Russian rivers.

508
01:22:20.664 --> 01:22:34.255
I mean, I think that that also kind of tells you a little bit about how likely it is to be able to expand into those rivers there, too. I mean, the whole dynamic that we have in terms of interacting with Russia is not great right now.

509
01:22:34.255 --> 01:22:46.524
And so I think a lot of the a lot of the research that have happened in Russia has been sort of channeled through Germany. And so, then that means sort of having to collaborate with Germany and Russia to be able to pull those things also.

510
01:22:47.005 --> 01:23:01.614
I mean, at this point, it just seems like logistically politically financially is the barriers to be able to to do something comprehensive across all six of the great rivers or the major rivers doesn't seem very likely.

511
01:23:01.614 --> 01:23:14.664
So, I think at this point here, we really have to focus in on just what we can do with the North American rivers. Sure, sure. Okay. And just the final more of a science question really fast saved by the D.

512
01:23:14.784 --> 01:23:20.545
C work and the values and characterization to material.

513
01:23:21.444 --> 01:23:35.484
You know, there's been quite a bit done here in the Midwest and our northern Wisconsin lakes and in Minnesota and of course, in Canada, and how values have changed. A lot of work was done back in the acid rain days.

514
01:23:36.024 --> 01:23:48.295
And we seen this of lakes. If you will both here and in Canada, it's been pretty wide, widely documented. It hasn't sweet in places like that.

515
01:23:48.895 --> 01:23:59.154
And I'm wondering you kind of alluded to, after genetic changes impacting, you know, both the Hydro graphs and the material.

516
01:24:00.744 --> 01:24:14.994
Were you referring to climate change impacts, or are there other hey, land use my uncover, you know, things going on in those regions. So, the drivers of this change?

517
01:24:15.534 --> 01:24:15.835
Well,

518
01:24:15.835 --> 01:24:18.805
I think I think the primary drivers are,

519
01:24:19.260 --> 01:24:32.305
is the primary primary driver is gonna be climate change just in the way that impacts the seasonality of the run off the potential for maybe getting a longer growing season and more primary production.

520
01:24:32.364 --> 01:24:41.814
I mean, I'm not, I'm not an ecologists and so I don't wanna misspeak here too much about the different ways that you're gonna get succession that's happening up there. But, I mean, one of the things that happens, when you start to.

521
01:24:42.539 --> 01:24:53.784
Fall out the permafrost and the tundra that you start to get more Woody plant encroachment and so you can imagine that you're gonna get a different kind of that's coming off of already plant landscape than you are off of a tundra landscape.

522
01:24:53.784 --> 01:25:07.704
So that's an example of a of a potential change, but then you also start thinking about these massive fires that have been happening up there. And so climate change is probably facilitating those, those fires.

523
01:25:07.734 --> 01:25:22.675
But but it's the fire itself that's changing the vegetation and changing the landscape. That's gonna change what friends up and and, I mean, just in general, anytime you've got a lot of disturbance on the landscape, you tend to increase the, you tend to increase the nutrient release from the, from the soils.

524
01:25:24.114 --> 01:25:31.824
You tend to make your system more flashy and so so I, I guess those are the kinds of changes then. I think all of it's sort of starts with climate change.

525
01:25:33.055 --> 01:25:40.944
Climate change leads to other more, I guess, first order processes that are doing better kind of having more of the direct impact.

526
01:25:41.635 --> 01:25:48.835
I mean, in terms of so, like, run off, you know, there's been a lot of speculation that this increase in run off would be coming from.

527
01:25:49.854 --> 01:26:02.125
But, you know, the research that's been conducted, so far seems to indicate that this permafrost that's released is solely vile that none of it really makes it out to the coastal zone. It seems like it degrades primarily degrades.

528
01:26:02.125 --> 01:26:11.095
And so, if that's the case, then where is this increase in coming from? While one of those answers could be from from the plant encroachment for example.

529
01:26:11.755 --> 01:26:20.875
What he plans putting out compounds that have a little bit more resistance to resistance to degradation and can make it out to the coastal zone. So there's a lot of those different things.

530
01:26:21.085 --> 01:26:30.774
And again, I'm kind of, I'm kind of out of my, I don't know, I'm out of my lane, I guess when I start speculating too broadly on what's happening with the ecology of the landscape.

531
01:26:31.800 --> 01:26:42.654
But we do know that those changes in Ecology and have a direct impact on the concentrations and compositions and nutrients as well. Okay. Thanks.

532
01:26:46.885 --> 01:26:55.914
Alright, any other questions we do have one in the chat from Catherine cone from the University of Washington.

533
01:26:55.914 --> 01:27:02.034
She's curious if there has been any hyper spectral airborne imagery flown over these, these sites.

534
01:27:03.564 --> 01:27:14.095
Well, any of the answered any I would say that there's been little, and maybe not. I don't know. I don't know the answer to that. I mean, it's an interesting question.

535
01:27:14.095 --> 01:27:22.914
So we put in a NASA AVS proposal, Earth, venture, sub, orbital proposal specifically to do that.

536
01:27:22.975 --> 01:27:32.095
And so we were looking at, we were trying to get funding to do airborne airborne sensing from. I guess we were from.

537
01:27:33.895 --> 01:27:45.654
The McKenzie mouse over to cubic and kind of in that region. And so that's something that we had proposed to do is to get in to get through the airborne sensor and, you know, our plan is to put it in again.

538
01:27:45.654 --> 01:27:55.284
I guess none of the Spencer, some orbital proposals that have ultimately been funded, got funded on the first round. So we've only put it in once and so we're gonna try again.

539
01:27:55.314 --> 01:28:08.635
See, if we can get in that, the airborne sensors, and of course, for Arctic colors, we would also be hoping to be able to get in some airborne sensors as well. Great. Any last questions.

540
01:28:13.284 --> 01:28:14.125
Alright,

541
01:28:14.154 --> 01:28:14.425
well,

542
01:28:14.425 --> 01:28:17.244
thank you very much for your exciting talk today,

543
01:28:17.274 --> 01:28:17.784
Peter,

544
01:28:18.114 --> 01:28:23.635
we were pleased to host the recording will be made available sometime within,

545
01:28:24.090 --> 01:28:24.270
like,

546
01:28:24.265 --> 01:28:26.185
maybe by the beginning of next week,

547
01:28:26.395 --> 01:28:27.295
since it's Friday,

548
01:28:27.295 --> 01:28:32.875
and the weekend is imminent on the geo watch websites.

549
01:28:33.149 --> 01:28:47.305
I'll place that website in the chat, and we hope everybody will also tune in for the next webinar given by Joe sol's. Very about. Glimmer on May. Twenty first.

550
01:28:47.845 --> 01:28:55.074
Joe is one of the on the Arctic color scoping project here too so that's that's doesn't surprise me.

551
01:28:58.045 --> 01:29:12.024
Well, thank you very much. Everybody in the chat is the websites choose resources and then you'll see all the feature and pass listed as a dropdown underneath the resources.

552
01:29:13.135 --> 01:29:19.824
And have a great day. Alright. Thanks again for the invitation. Thanks, Peter.

553
01:29:30.385 --> 01:29:35.875
So, Steve, you can stop recording and then I'll send you an email about how to.

554
01:29:36.984 --> 01:29:38.425
Give me the file.